📄️ Overview
A sandwich attack is a technique where, when a user attempts to swap tokens on an AMM (Automated Market Maker), an attacker observes the pending transaction and inserts their own trades immediately before and after it to extract profit. Concretely, the attacker places a buy in a frontrun before the victim’s transaction is included on-chain, the victim then executes the swap at a worse price, and the attacker places a sell in a backrun to capture the spread. Because the victim’s transaction is “sandwiched” between the attacker’s two trades, the pattern is called a “sandwich.”
🗃️ Background
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🗃️ Mechanism
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📄️ Impact
User harm in DeFi
🗃️ Current Countermeasures
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🗃️ Our Approach
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🗃️ Feature Work
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📄️ Conclusion
Sandwich attacks are not just a technical issue; they are directly tied to DeFi’s credibility and sustainable growth. If left unaddressed, users will continue to suffer unexpected losses and opaque execution costs, and many will leave DeFi for CEXs.